", Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy, "Spotted hyena returns to Gabon park after 20 years: researchers", "The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe", "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia", "Livestock Depredation of the Spotted Hyena (, Preliminary data on human – carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile, "The urban hyenas that attack rough sleepers", "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity", Account of Travels Into the Interior of Southern Af, The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena, The Female External Genitalia of the Spotted Hyena, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&oldid=1008066253, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [80], Although easily tamed, spotted hyenas are exceedingly difficult to house train,[181] and can be very destructive; a captive, otherwise perfectly tame, specimen in the Tower of London managed to tear an 8-foot (2.4 m) long plank nailed to its recently repaired enclosure floor with no apparent effort. Typical zebra hunting groups consist of 10–25 hyenas,[89] though there is one record of a hyena killing an adult zebra unaided. The role of the spotted hyena mask in their rituals is often to turn the neophyte into a complete moral being by integrating his male principles with femininity. The list follows McKenna and Bell's Classification of Mammals for prehistoric genera (1997)[12] and Wozencraft (2005) in Wilson and Reeders Mammal Species of the World for extant genera. [159], When targeting livestock, the spotted hyena primarily preys upon cattle, sheep and goats,[12] though hyenas in the southern parts of Ethiopia's Tigray region preferentially target donkeys. The decline of the dog-like hyenas began 5–7 million years ago during a period of climate change, which was exacerbated when canids crossed the Bering land bridge to Eurasia. [17] Unlike the grey wolf, the spotted hyena relies more on sight than smell when hunting, and does not follow its prey's prints or travel in single file. [65], Although spotted hyenas have been known to prey on humans in modern times, such incidents are rare. The paw-pads are broad and very flat, with the whole undersurface of the foot around them being naked. Hyenae is a highly flexible platform independent network packet generator. It has been estimated that adult members of the now extinct Eurasian populations weighed 102 kg (225 lb). Malawi hyena populations occur at reasonable densities, though a growth in human population, habitat destruction and reduction in prey have caused the species to disappear from the central highlands. However, the striped and brown hyena occur at greater densities than the spotted species in desert and semi-desert regions. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus Crocuta, native to sub-Saharan Africa.It is listed as being of least concern by the IUCN on account of its widespread range and large numbers estimated between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals. The bestiaries of the Middle Ages embraced the Physiologus's descriptions, but further elaborated on the animal's necrophagous habits. It has a broad, line-like mouth that evokes a smile. [25] Their vertebral column, including the cervical region are of limited mobility. [11], The spotted hyena is the most social of the Carnivora in that it has the largest group sizes and most complex social behaviours. [64] High-ranking hyenas maintain their position through aggression directed against lower-ranking clan-members. Spotted hyenas exhibit adult behaviours very early in life; cubs have been observed to ritually sniff each other and mark their living space before the age of one month. [86] Females generally give birth at the communal den or a private birth den. [141] During the 1770s and 1780s the species was still widespread in southern and western South Africa, being recorded i.a. Carrion is detected by smell and the sound of other predators feeding. There are records of some male leopards preying on hyenas. Older females show a similar preference, with the addition of preferring males with whom they have had long and friendly prior relationships. Home ranges are defended through vocal displays, scent marking and boundary patrols. [87] The intelligence of the spotted hyena was attested to by Dutch colonists in 19th-century South Africa, who noted that hyenas were exceedingly cunning and suspicious, particularly after successfully escaping from traps. In modern times, the species faces spatial competition from more popular animals, especially large canids. As there is no evidence of environmental change being responsible, it is likely that the giant short-faced hyena became extinct due to competition with the spotted hyena. Spotted hyenas prefer prey with a body mass range of 56–182 kg (123–401 lb), with a mode of 102 kg (225 lb). Mais il est connu que si rien n'est fait d'ici 2020, il n'y aura plus de lion dans le continent africain.Et ce n'est pas seulement le lion qui est menacé mais environ 35% des mammifères. [104], The fossil record indicates that the now extinct European spotted hyenas primarily fed on Przewalski's horses, Irish elk, reindeer, red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, wild boar, ibex, steppe wisent, aurochs, and woolly rhinoceros. [162][163], In 1903, Hector Duff wrote of how spotted hyenas in the Mzimba district of Angoniland would wait at dawn outside people's huts and attack them when they opened their doors. [32][33] The ancestors of the spotted hyena probably developed social behaviours in response to increased pressure from other predators on carcasses, which forced them to operate in teams. [18], In Africa, the spotted hyena is usually portrayed as an abnormal and ambivalent animal, considered to be sly, brutish, necrophagous and dangerous. In the southern Kalahari, gemsbok, wildebeest and springbok are the principal prey. Please see scanned image(s) to check for condition on this postcard. Although protected and tolerated, Ugandan hyenas rarely occur outside protected areas. Clan boundaries are usually respected; hyenas chasing prey have been observed to stop dead in their tracks once their prey crosses into another clan's range. [5] The spotted hyena is the largest known member of the Hyaenidae, and is further physically distinguished from other species by its vaguely bear-like build,[6] its rounded ears,[7] its less prominent mane, its spotted pelt,[8] its more dual purposed dentition,[9] its fewer nipples[10] and the presence of a pseudo-penis in the female. No need to register, buy now! [13] A study done by evolutionary anthropologists demonstrated that spotted hyenas outperform chimpanzees on cooperative problem-solving tests; captive pairs of spotted hyenas were challenged to tug two ropes in unison to earn a food reward, successfully cooperating and learning the maneuvers quickly without prior training. This was proven to be incorrect, as the correct spelling of the loanword would have been Crocāta, and the word was never used in that sense by Graeco-Roman sources. Madi and Nuer mythology links the spotted hyena to the separation between heaven and earth; at one time, humanity kept in contact with the Creator in the sky via a cowhide rope, which was subsequently severed by a hungry hyena. Both individuals raise their hind legs and lick each other's anogenital area. [7], The striped hyena may have evolved from H. namaquensis of Pliocene Africa. Hyenas travelling in another clan's home range typically exhibit bodily postures associated with fear, particularly when meeting other hyenas. [6] Unusually among hyaenids, and mammals in general, the female spotted hyena is considerably larger than the male. [19], During the 15th and 16th centuries, travellers to Africa provided further descriptions of the species. The first ancestral hyenas were likely similar to the modern African civet; one of the earliest hyena species described, Plioviverrops, was a lithe, civet-like animal that inhabited Eurasia 20–22 million years ago, and is identifiable as a hyaenid by the structure of the middle ear and dentition. [64] Hyenas habituated to scavenging on human corpses may develop bold behaviours towards living people: hyena attacks on people in southern Sudan increased during the Second Sudanese Civil War, when human corpses were readily available to them. Emitted on the approach of another, unwelcome hyena, and may be followed by chasing, Similar to above, but more "ooo" sounding and higher in pitch, "Ooo" sound with a usually low pitch and lasts several seconds. Dens have large bare patches around their entrances, where hyenas move or lie down on. Records in past 24 hours*: 1 Records in past week*: 5 Records in past month*: 22 * Relative to set date [134] The pitch of the laugh indicates the hyena's age, while variations in the frequency of notes used when hyenas make noises convey information about the animal's social rank. However, attacks on humans by spotted hyenas are likely to be underreported. The structure of the den, consisting of small underground channels, is likely an effective anti-predator device which protects cubs from predation during the absence of the mother. Hiob Ludolf, in his Historia aethiopica, was the first to clearly distinguish the Crocuta from Hyaena on account of physical, as well as geographical grounds, though he never had any first hand experience of the species, having gotten his accounts from an Ethiopian intermediary. Ecolodge de Palmarin, Palmarin Picture: Découverte de la brousse et de la hyène tachetée - Check out Tripadvisor members' 383 candid photos and videos. [35], The spotted hyena has a strong and well developed neck and forequarters, but relatively underdeveloped hindquarters. Postally unused, no writing or markings on the back of this card. One study in northern Kenya revealed that 90% of all cases of livestock predation by hyenas occurred in areas outside the protection of thorn fences. In some cultures, hyenas are thought to influence people's spirits, rob graves, and steal livestock and children. Spotted hyenas rarely dig their own dens, having been observed for the most part to use the abandoned burrows of warthogs, springhares and jackals. These unusual traits make mating more laborious for the male than in other mammals, while also ensuring that rape is physically impossible. [70] In the final stages of pregnancy, dominant females provide their developing offspring with higher androgen levels than lower-ranking mothers do. Spotted hyenas vary in their folkloric and mythological depictions, depending on the ethnic group from which the tales originate. [28], Both Björn Kurtén and Camille Arambourg promoted an Asiatic origin for the species; Kurtén focussed his arguments on the Plio-Pleistocene taxon Crocuta sivalensis from the Siwaliks,[4] a view defended by Arambourg, who nonetheless allowed the possibility of an Indo-Ethiopian origin. The four extant species are the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), the brown hyena (Hyaena brunnea), the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), and the aardwolf (Proteles cristata). In the tradition of the Maasai[152] and the Hadza,[166] corpses are left in the open for spotted hyenas to eat. [144][160] There is fossil evidence of humans in Middle Pleistocene Europe butchering and presumably consuming spotted hyenas. [82] Spotted hyenas reach sexual maturity at the age of three years. It occurs in an array of habitat types, such as open grassland, forests, and desert. [83] Females are very protective of their cubs, and will not tolerate other adults, particularly males, approaching them. Also, unlike other hyenas, the female spotted hyena's external genitalia closely resembles that of the male. [53][54] The pseudo-penis can be distinguished from the males' genitalia by its somewhat shorter length, greater thickness, and more rounded glans. [93] Zebras require different hunting methods to those used for wildebeest, due to their habit of running in tight groups and aggressive defence from stallions. [8] The base colour generally is a pale greyish-brown or yellowish-grey on which an irregular pattern of roundish spots is superimposed on the back and hind quarters. [160] Reports of livestock damage are often not substantiated, and hyenas observed scavenging on a carcass may be mistaken for having killed the animal. They are occasionally killed in communal and commercial farming areas. [105], A single spotted hyena can eat at least 14.5 kg of meat per meal,[106] and although they act aggressively toward each other when feeding, they compete with each other mostly through speed of eating, rather than by fighting as lions do. Although protected within national parks, Cameroon hyenas suffer from habitat desertification and human expansion, and are sometimes killed by tourist hunters and herdsmen.

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. [168] Hyenas habituated to scavenging on human corpses may develop bold behaviours towards living people; hyena attacks on people in southern Sudan increased during the Second Sudanese Civil War, when human corpses were readily available to them. The latter is primarily used by low status females in order to maintain continual access to their cubs, as well as ensure that they become acquainted with their cubs before transferral to the communal den. Experienced hyenas even helped inexperienced clan-mates to solve the problem. Though feared, striped hyenas were also symbolic of love and fertility, leading to numerous varieties of love medicine derived from hyena body parts. Hyena density varies widely among different habitats, while they have been extirpated from many parts of Africa. Kenya's spotted hyena population differs in status for protected and unprotected areas, being lower risk in protected areas and threatened elsewhere. [38] Spotted hyena cubs are born almost fully developed, with their eyes open and erupting incisors and canines, though lacking adult markings. [164] Spotted hyenas are widely feared in Malawi, where they have been known to occasionally attack people at night, particularly during the hot season when people sleep outside. [12] Its social organisation is unlike that of any other carnivore, bearing closer resemblance to that of cercopithecine primates (baboons and macaques) with respect to group-size, hierarchical structure, and frequency of social interaction among both kin and unrelated group-mates. [72], Hyenas are used for food and medicinal purposes in Somalia[73] although they are considered haraam in Islam. [7] [163] Attacks occur most commonly in September, when many people sleep outdoors, and bush fires make the hunting of wild game difficult for hyenas. The tail is relatively short, being 300–350 mm (12–14 in) long,[7] and resembles a pompom in appearance. The creation of the Popenguine Nature Reserve is relatively recent, in that it was established only in 1986 ; and until recently, was the latest addition to the network of senegalese parks and reserves, set up to ensure the perpetuity of the country’s natural heritage. Striped hyena fossils are common in Africa, with records going back as far as the Villafranchian. [8], The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) diverged from the striped and brown hyena 10 million years ago. In the same area, hyena faeces are believed to enable a child to walk at an early age, thus it is not uncommon in that area to see children with hyena dung wrapped in their clothes. [36] Unlike the fur of the striped and brown hyena, that of the spotted hyena consists of spots rather than stripes and is much shorter, lacking the well defined spinal mane of the former two species. Although possibly declining in number in some areas. Botswana's spotted hyena population is stable and legally protected by the Fauna Conservation Acts of 1982 and 1987, where it is listed as a game animal. Faeces are usually deposited 20 metres (66 feet) away from the den, though they urinate wherever they happen to be. Cape spotted hyena populations are even smaller than those of local brown hyenas, due to past persecution. [115] Lions may charge at hyenas and maul them for no apparent reason; one male lion was filmed killing two hyenas on separate occasions without eating them,[118] and lion predation can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in Etosha. On a étudié les habitudes alimentaires de l'hyène tachetée pendant la saison sèche par rapport avec la disponibilité de la nourriture, dans le Parc National de Niokolo Koba, au Sénégal. In 2013, a baby boy was killed by hyenas after being snatched from his mother as she camped near the Hilton Hotel. Vidéo réalisée par Sénégal Authentique. Crocuta was finally recognised as a separate genus from Hyaena in 1828. The crest is mostly reddish-brown in colour. In some cases, the extent of dietary overlap can be as high as 68.8%. However, they continued to focus on the species' scavenging habits, their potential to rob graves and their perceived cowardice. However, rank reversals and overthrows in spotted hyena clans are very rare. Its success is partly attributed to its insectivorous diet, for which it faced no competition from canids crossing from North America. [123] There is also a case of two spotted hyenas killing and eating a young leopard in Timbavati Game Reserve, apparently in revenge after a young hyena was killed by the leopard. [90] Lions typically ignore spotted hyenas, unless they are on a kill or are being harassed by them. [64], Compared to other hyenas, the spotted hyena shows a greater relative amount of frontal cortex which is involved in the mediation of social behavior. Also, males associate more closely with their own daughters rather than unrelated cubs, and the latter favor their fathers by acting less aggressively toward them. [18], The relative scarcity of hyena depictions in Paleolithic rock art has been theorised to be due to the animal's lower rank in the animal worship hierarchy; the spotted hyena's appearance was likely unappealing to Ice Age hunters, and it was not sought after as prey. In 1939, biologist L Harrison Matthews demonstrated through comparisons between a large selection of spotted hyena skulls from Tanzania that all the variation seen in the then recognised subspecies could also be found in a single population, with the only set of characters standing out being pelage (which is subject to a high degree of individual variation) and size (which is subject to Bergmann's Rule). [7] Spotted hyenas spread from their original homeland during the Middle Pleistocene, and quickly colonised a very wide area from Europe, to southern Africa and China. A series of 6–9 (sometimes 15) calls lasting 2–3 seconds each and spaced 2–10 seconds apart. [144] Oromo hunters typically go through ritual purification after killing hyenas. [60] On rare occasions, striped hyenas have preyed on humans. The aardwolf is primarily an insectivore, specialised for feeding on termites of the genus Trinervitermes and Hodotermes, which it consumes by licking them up with its long, broad tongue. [32] The spotted hyena is very vocal, producing a number of different sounds consisting of whoops, grunts, groans, lows, giggles, yells, growls, laughs and whines. The limbs are spotted, though the feet vary in colour, from light brown to blackish. The mouth is closed, and the posture aggressive. During daylight hours, they watch vultures descending upon carcasses. The tail usually hangs down when neutral, though it will change position according to the situation. Alfred Brehm wrote that the spotted hyena is harder to tame than the striped hyena, and that performing specimens in circuses were not up to standard. Studies strongly suggest convergent evolution in spotted hyena and primate intelligence. Europe experienced a massive loss of lowland habitats favoured by spotted hyenas, and a corresponding increase in mixed woodlands. Jadis un pays model Je pleure ce Sénégal Qui se Meurt ! Hyenas will however ignore clan boundaries in times of food shortage. Despite this perceived unique disease resistance, little is known about the immune system of spotted hyenas,[50][51][52][53] and even less is known about other Hyaenidae species. The species is known to carry at least three cestode species of the genus Taenia, none of which are harmful to humans. Such large carcasses were an optimal food resource for hyenas, especially at the end of winter, when food was scarce. As fossil striped hyenas are absent from the Mediterranean region, it is likely that the species is a relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spread outside Africa only after the extinction of spotted hyenas in Asia at the end of the Ice Age. [178] Sir John Barrow described how spotted hyenas in Sneeuberge were trained to hunt game, writing that they were "as faithful and diligent as any of the common domestic dogs". In East Africa, Tabwa mythology portrays the spotted hyena as a solar animal that first brought the sun to warm the cold earth. [162] Man-eating spotted hyenas tend to be very large specimens; a pair of man-eating hyenas, responsible for killing 27 people in Mlanje, Malawi, in 1962, were weighed at 72 and 77 kg (159 and 170 lb) after being shot. They began forming increasingly larger territories, necessitated by the fact that their prey was often migratory, and long chases in a small territory would have caused them to encroach into another clan's turf. [129], Spotted hyenas dominate other hyena species wherever their ranges overlap. [54][74] Copulation may be repeated multiple times during a period of several hours. A set of five, pale and barely distinct bands replace the spots on the back and sides of the neck. [61] Some paleontologists believe that competition and predation by cave hyenas (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) in Siberia was a significant factor in delaying human colonisation of Alaska. Spotted hyenas may kill as many as 95% of the animals they eat,[47] while striped hyenas are largely scavengers.

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